madame bovary essays

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History of Abortion Controversy in the U.S.

History of Abortion Controversy in the U.S. In the United States, abortion laws began to appear in the 1820s, forbidding abortion after the fourth month of pregnancy.  Before that time, abortion was not illegal, though it was often unsafe for the woman whose pregnancy was being terminated. Through the efforts primarily of physicians, the American Medical Association, and legislators, as part of consolidating authority over medical procedures, and displacing midwives, most abortions in the US had been outlawed by 1900. Illegal abortions were still frequent after such laws were instituted, though abortions  became less frequent during the reign of the Comstock Law which essentially banned birth control information and devices as well as abortion. Some early feminists, like Susan B. Anthony, wrote against abortion. They opposed abortion which at the time was an unsafe medical procedure for women, endangering their health and life. These feminists believed that only the achievement of womens equality and freedom would end the need for abortion. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote in The Revolution, But where shall it be found, at least begin, if not in the complete enfranchisement and elevation of woman? ) They wrote that prevention was more important than punishment, and blamed circumstances, laws and the men they believed drove women to abortions. (Matilda Joslyn Gage wrote in 1868, I hesitate not to assert that most of this crime of child murder, abortion, infanticide, lies at the door of the male sex...) Later feminists defended safe and effective birth control - when that became available - as another way to prevent abortion. Most of todays abortion rights organizations also state that safe and effective birth control, adequate sex education, available health care, and the ability to support children adequately are essentials to preventing the need for many abortions. By 1965, all fifty states banned abortion, with some exceptions which varied by state: to save the life of the mother, in cases of rape or incest, or if the fetus was deformed. Liberalization Efforts Groups like the National Abortion Rights Action League and the Clergy Consultation Service on Abortion worked to liberalize anti-abortion laws. After the thalidomide drug tragedy, revealed in 1962, where a drug prescribed to many pregnant women for morning sickness and as a sleeping pill caused serious birth defects, activism to make abortion easier escalated. Roe V. Wade The Supreme Court in 1973, in the case of Roe v. Wade, declared most existing state abortion laws unconstitutional. This decision ruled out any legislative interference in the first trimester of pregnancy and put limits on what restrictions could be passed on abortions in later stages of pregnancy. While many celebrated the decision, others, especially in the Roman Catholic Church and in theologically conservative Christian groups, opposed the change. Pro-life and pro-choice evolved as the most common self-chosen names of the two movements, one to outlaw most abortion and the other to eliminate most legislative restrictions on abortions. Early opposition to the lifting of abortion restrictions included such organizations as the Eagle Forum, led by Phyllis Schlafly. Today there are many national pro-life organizations which vary in their goals and strategies. Escalation of Anti-Abortion Conflict and Violence Opposition to abortions has increasingly turned physical and even violent, first in the organized blocking of access to clinics which provided abortion services, organized primarily by Operation Rescue, founded in 1984 and led by Randall Terry. On Christmas Day, 1984, three abortion clinics were bombed, and those convicted called the bombings a birthday gift for Jesus. Within the churches and other groups opposing abortion, the issue of clinic protests has become increasingly controversial, as many who oppose abortions move to separate themselves from those who propose violence as an acceptable solution. In the early part of the 2000-2010 decade, major conflict over abortion laws was over termination of late pregnancies, termed partial birth abortions by those who oppose them. Pro-choice advocates maintain that such abortions are to save the life or health of the mother or terminate pregnancies where the fetus cannot survive birth or cannot survive much after birth. Pro-life advocates maintain that the fetuses may be saved and that many of these abortions are done in cases that arent hopeless.  The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act passed Congress in 2003 and was signed by President George W. Bush. The law was upheld in 2007 by the Supreme Court decision in  Gonzales v. Carhart. In 2004, President Bush signed the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, permitting a second charge of murder - covering the fetus - if a pregnant woman is killed.  The law specifically exempts mothers and doctors from being charged in any cases related to abortions. Dr. George R. Tiller, the medical director at a clinic in Kansas which was one of only three clinics in the country to perform late-term abortions, was assassinated in May 2009 at his church. The killer was sentenced in 2010 to the maximum sentence available in Kansas: life imprisonment, with no parole possible for 50 years. The murder raised questions about the role of repeatedly using strong language to denounce Tiller on talk shows.  The most prominent example cited was repeated description of Tiller as a Baby Killer by Fox News talk show host Bill OReilly, who later denied having used the term, despite video evidence, and described the criticism as having the real agenda of hating Fox News.  The clinic where Tiller worked closed permanently after his murder. More recently, abortion conflicts have been played out more often at the state level, with attempts to change the assumed and legal date of viability, to remove exemptions (such as rape or incest) from abortion bans, to require ultrasounds before any termination (including invasive vaginal procedures), or to increase the requirements for doctors and buildings performing abortions.  Such restrictions played a role in elections. At this writing, no child born before 21 weeks of pregnancy has survived more than a short period of time. Books About the Abortion Controversy There are some excellent legal, religious, and feminist books on abortion which explore the issues and the history  from  either the  pro-choice  or  pro-life  position. Listed here are books which outline the history by presenting both factual material (the text of actual court decisions, for instance) and position papers from a variety of perspectives, including both  pro-choice  and  pro-life. Articles of Faith: A Frontline History of the Abortion Wars: Cynthia Gorney. Trade Paperback, 2000.A history of the two sides and how their proponents developed deepening commitments during the years abortions were illegal and then after the  Roe v. Wade  decision.Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes: Laurence H. Tribe. Trade Paperback, 1992.Professor of Constitutional Law at Harvard, Tribe attempts to outline the difficult issues and why  legal  resolution is so difficult.Abortion Controversy: 25 Years After Roe vs. Wade, A Reader: Louis J. Pojman and Francis J. Beckwith. Trade Paperback, 1998.Abortion Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, American Law: Ruth Colker. Trade Paperback, 1992.

Critically evaluate the usefulness of cognitive theories of learning Essay - 2

Critically evaluate the usefulness of cognitive theories of learning for the HR practitioner - Essay Example processes and the way in which these thoughts may have an influence on people’s understandings, interactions with their surroundings and their behaviour. Cognitive dissonance may cause disagreements and problems at workplace such as reduction in productivity and increase in the absenteeism or turnover rate of the employees (Schermerhorn et al., 2011). Like all other theories, the cognitive theories also have their strengths and weaknesses. This paper aims at evaluating the usefulness of cognitive theories in helping the HR practitioners. For instance, one of the strengths of cognitive theories is that they provide better understanding and knowledge on how people think. Moreover, based on the many studies done in the past, it has been observed that there are numerous positive influences of cognitive theories. This in turn has helped the cognitive theories to gain popularity since they can be used to understand the thoughts of people in relation to their reactions to their surroundings and to different situations (Bandura, 1989). However, on the other hand, cognitive theories have also faced criticism for having some weaknesses. For instance, there exists no common definition of the different cognitive theories. Nevertheless, the information provided by studying various cognitive theories has been taken into account in understanding an individual’s thoughts and reactions to their environment. This essay aims to e xplore the definition of cognitive theories and critically analyse the advantages and disadvantages of cognitive theories in learning for the HR practitioner. Human resource management practices are influenced by cognitive theories which are based on the assumptions that internal mechanisms like motivation, creativity, intelligence etc determine human behaviour (Shermon, 2004). Bandura (1989) presented the social learning theory according to which people acquire new information and behaviour by observing others. Bandura described learning as a social

Accounting and Society(The Minerals Resource Rent Tax) Essay

Accounting and Society(The Minerals Resource Rent Tax) - Essay Example Australian government collects huge revenue from the taxes paid by the mining industries in the country. The various new features of MRRT have been included in this study. Moreover the potential impacts of the introduction of MRRT on the accounting policies followed by the mining companies have also been studied. Mineral Industry of Australia has been reviewed and its inherent potential and its industry structure have been studied in this report. Australia is well known for its varied natural resources. Both metallic and non-metallic minerals are widely found in Australia. It is rich in fuel minerals too. Commodity exports from Australia in the form of minerals and energy constitutes a significant portion of Australian economy. Earnings from commodity exports are expected to rise on a continuous basis for Australia because of rising demand of mineral resources worldwide. Global Financial Crisis (GFC) had an adverse effect on the mineral industry in Australia. The rise in the producti on of commodities like iron ore, copper, bauxite, natural gas, etc. have slowed down in the recent years. However, the country has a huge potential of mineral production and several investment projects are expected to come up or are already going on. Western Australia is the leading state of the country in terms of exports of metallic minerals. Major areas of coal exports in the country are Queensland and New South Wales. However to have a sustainable growth in mineral exports Australia needs a significant improvement and expansion in its infrastructural facilities. Australia falls amongst the top 10 mineral exporting countries in the world. There has been a significant increase in the spending in terms of mineral explorations in the country. Mining industry of Australia also forms a significant component of the GDP of the country. Many people get employment opportunity in the mining sector as well. Hence mineral industry is expected to contribute to Australian economic development in a significant way in future (IBP USA, 2005, p.48). 2.1.2 Industry Structure The mine industry in Australia follows a free enterprise system. Private companies of the country take part in all the mining activities like exploration, production, development and marketing of minerals. Significant numbers of mineral companies in Australia are subsidiaries of companies in US or Europe. It controls a major part of the refining and mining sector in Australia. Relevant State Governments hold the ownership rights of mineral exploration in Australia. Ownership of minerals in Australia is divided amongst State and Commonwealth ownership in onshore and offshore areas of the country. The mineral industries in each areas of the country are administered by the government authorities in Territories and States, depending on the region in which they fall. The administering process by the Government includes activities like land registration, issuing exploration permits, ensuring the compliance of g overnment regulations related to safety, health and environmental matters, levying taxes and royalties, etc. Hence, government has an effective control over the production of most of the minerals

The narration of the cosmos Essay Example for Free

The narration of the cosmos Essay The happy days take off when the author was hardly three years old. At the age of sixty, as a news columnist, the nostalgic days show his own style of emotional impact. His narration of the cosmos as a child sitting in mother’s lap makes the reader younger by years. His vivid memories travel freely and end up just before his teenage. The way his youthful eyes captured all incidents dating back to his third birthday leave us spell bound. His schooldays of learning give an insight of the rural delights of summer homes even though old and ruined, appear elegant through his eyes. His grandfather’s death gave him joy to stay away from school. His fascination for police officers, food, literature and athletics sounds interesting. Many references to political exposition of his era appeared in contrast to the modernity. Throughout the memoirs, the author has described the actual growth of Baltimore and especially how the mobs of civil commotion were treated as superior professionals. His arguments with the acquaintance of his father, a French businessman is worth reading with a touch of practical jokes and imaginative comedy tones. His depiction of his Aunt Sophie and her attire would project a lavish ancient fabric to be visualized. His lavish languishing through the pages of first steps in divinity, record of an athlete, career of philosopher, has stamped his boldness. His good vernacular no doubt made him a reputed columnist later in his career. All through the pages of his book, his voice remains a chronicle of his childhood days and proves to be a readers’ delight and especially for those who travel down memory lane. References H. L. Mencken, Happy Days: Menckens Autobiography: 1880-1892, John Hopkins University Press, 2006

Dealing With Disease in Uige, Angola :: Health Medical Personal Narrative Essays

Dealing With Disease in Uige, Angola Journal Entry for April 21, 2005 Yesterday, Angola's Ministry of Health announced that there have been 266 documented human infections of the Marburg epidemic since the current outbreak began in October of last year. 244 of these cases have been fatal, providing a horrific mortality rate which can be attributed both to the largely unknown and uncontrollable nature of this disease, and the impoverished state of the nation it is afflicting. Unfortunately, it took us five months from the first suspected cases of the outbreak to positively identify the cause as the Marburg virus. The region's medical facilities are severely overburdened and under-staffed due to the decades of civil war which have plagued Angola. So, when the epidemic began late last year early cases were mistaken for other more common diseases such as typhoid and malaria--which have similar symptoms to the Marburg virus. On the first symptomatic day, an infected person suffers from an extremely high fever. The extent of this fever quickly drains the individual of energy, leaving them in a weakened state. By the third day extremely watery diarrhea has begun which will last for a week if the infected is lucky enough to survive so long. The diarrhea also comes with intense abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The result is a patient left in a state of dehydration and excruciating pain, weakened and unable to clean the contaminated fluids he or she is expelling. Now having faced days of extreme fever and fatigue, the person resembles a corpse with an expressionless face, deep-set eyes and total lack of energy. Between the fifth and seventh days hemorrhages appear on the body, often open to bleeding. Additional blood is excreted in the individual's vomit and feces, as well as from the nose, and gums. This prevalence of contaminated bodily fluids has been part of the reason why reason the epidem ic has continued to spread despite our efforts to contain it. Death generally occurs within about two week of symptoms. There is no known cure, so the most our team can do for the infected is to keep their fluid levels high in order to counteract the effects of fever and diarrhea. The Marburg epidemic is a RNA virus of the filovirus family--whose only other known members are the four Ebola viruses.

“A Rose For Emily” and “The Lottery” Essay

â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Lottery†, by Shirley Jackson are both short stories that deal with conflict from either the community or individually. Faulkner hints us readers the main conflict in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is not only Emily but other characters in this short story. For â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson hints the readers the conflict is more on the social side meaning the community or society not only the main characters. But the main comparisons between these two short stories are the characters, and the communities that seem to be stuck in the past. William Faulkner starts the short story off with saying the character Emily, from â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is dead. Faulkner divides the short story into five parts, and those five parts talk about Emily’s life which is spoken from the town’s perspective. Emily is described as a burden, whose â€Å"old fashioned† and is basically a mean old lady. The first part starts off with Emily not wanting to pay her taxes and the mayor sets up a meeting of the Board of Aldermen to her home. Not only was she showing no manners, she kept saying she had no taxes to pay and tells her servant, â€Å"the Negro† to show the gentlemen out. The short story continues on with mentioning Emily’s father’s death. The town’s people felt sorry for Emily, not only on the fact that he passed away but the fact that her father was a controlling man. Controlling meaning her father didn’t want her to seek men. Emily was in denial for her father’s death, â€Å"She told them her father was not dead. She did that for three days† (151). She couldn’t let her father go because her father was her life and that was the only life she had. The other parts talk about Emily’s sweetheart named Homer Baron. Everyone in town are happy about her having a sweetheart, but it goes downhill once they find out Homer Baron liked young men. Emily ends up buying poison and it wasn’t easy buying since the druggist was curious as to why Emily wanted it for. The townspeople on the other hand assumed it was so she can kill herself since she’s going through a lot. But Emily doesn’t only purchase rat poison; she ends up buying hologram toilet set with H.B written on them. Six months has passed by and Emily hasn’t been seen, till one day when people noticed her weight gain. Towards the end of the story the people noticed the Negro (servant) runs away while Emily is dying. They then open a door and the first thing  the town’s people notice is Homer Baron’s body being decayed. Next to his body was a print of a body that seemed to lay there every night and a piece of Emily’s grey hair. â€Å"The Lottery†, by Shirley Jackson is about a small town that gathered in a square on a summer day, June 27th. When you think of â€Å"Lottery† you probably assume something positive that deals with money. But that’s not true, in this short story â€Å"The Lottery† is a ritual that’s been going on for generations. It has to do with throwing a rock to a person that gets a mark in the middle of the paper, all towns had stopped doing this ritual but this was the only town that continued. The person who’s in charge of this ritual is Mr. Summers along with a helper Mr. Graves who’s the post master. The Lottery starts off with mixing the papers inside a box and calling out the names from a list. Once everyone had picked out the paper and seen if they had got picked, the people in the village noticed Bill Hutchison ended up getting the black dot. Tessie who is the wife, stands up for her husband and say’s it wasn’t a fair pi ck so Mr. Summer gives them another chance. Everyone in the family got to pick a paper out and this time Tessie ends up getting picked. Now since it’s a ritual it was something you had to do, that’s when everyone in the village including Tessie’s family picked up rocks and threw it to her. â€Å"It isn’t fair, it isn’t right.† (192) Tessie constantly is yelling this because she knew this wasn’t right, it wasn’t right to kill an innocent over a ritual. Both these short stories seem to fall in a similar comparison which is conflict between individual and the community. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† gives away that Emily is stubborn; she doesn’t care at what anyone says of her. But in this short story it’s not only one conflict, its several conflicts we notice. One was Emily’s father; she didn’t want to let his body go because he was her only life especially since he was controlled. Another conflict was the community and Emily. People that lived in that town would always say rumors, and basically won’t help her they would just sit back and wait. Then we have Emily and Homer Baron, Emily was lonely, and Homer seemed to be the only person that was someone she loved. Even if it didn’t turn out the way she hoped, she knew just having his presence there was enough. So this shows Emily had conflicts with reality, present and past, and being lonely. â€Å"The Lottery†, on the other hand was conflict between community and individuality, for example Tessie and the village she was living in. The whole ritual â€Å"The Lottery† symbolizes any sin or any bad behavior that has been caused to be passed down from generation to generation no matter how cruel it could be. Tessie is against this whole ritual, she finds it not fair because of killing an innocent person. Old Man Warner was also another person who noticed this ritual wasn’t right, he notices the changes throughout all the years he’s been around. He mentions, â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be,† â€Å"People ain’t the way they used to be.† (191). In â€Å"The Lottery† it shows that no matter if the box changes, the ritual will always remain the same, and instead of the town actually stopping this from happening they join. The past and the community seem to be one of the other noticeable conflicts. The reason for why Tessie could’ve also been yelling out â€Å"It isn’t fair† because this ritual has ended everywhere else but continued in this village. The village is still holding onto the ritual that’s been taking hold for so long that they aren’t really thinking of any other consequences. Both of these short stories fall into somewhat of the same conflict. Like Emily, if she wasn’t so focused into the past meaning being â€Å"old fashioned† then she would’ve fit well into the society without feeling lonely. As for Tessie and her village, if they stopped continuing a ritual that was held on for so long then Tessie wouldn’t have been killed.

Market plan

The company has planned to start Its business In the urban areas In and around Tamil Nadia and has its own retail outlets in few major cities like Achaean, Benedictory, Cuddlier, Upstream, Salem, Bangor and in other similar cities. We believe that the growing need of the market for quality and safe herbal products will help the company to succeed. Intelligent decision, sincere efforts and skilful execution will propel the company to reach greater heights People have once again started practicing our traditional method of using deadline herbs to treat Injuries, health and personal care problems.These products are very effective, don't cause side effects, and are a cheaper when compared to the costly chemical products available in the market. These herbal products used in India are broadly classified into herbal health products and herbal beauty products. Before starting the business Tony Herbs conducted a research about the market condition for natural and herbal products in India. It collected useful information that will help the company to reach the target market in a better and a faster way.Customer Information Tony Herbs targets both the Individual customer market and the commercial market Industries). Individual customers: We are concentrating mainly on the urban population of Tamil Nadia constituting 46 the state The urban population is about 31. 74 million. Conscious about their health and are very particular about the products they use Commercial market: It includes the following industries: 1 . Arrived drug industry 2. Homeopathic drug industry 3. Cosmetic and hair industry 4. Food supplements industry 5. Soap industry Market NeedThe basic market need is high quality and safe herbal products. People are looking for products that are 100% chemical free even without added preservatives and emulsifying agents. They also look for products with long shelf life. Market forecast In India the market for herbal products is growing every year. The market for her bal products is not crowded as there are only few players in this business. So there is an ample chance for succeeding in this business right now. SOOT ANALYSIS Strengths: The products are of high quality 100% pure- chemical free Offers competitive price Excellent packagingGood distribution channel Weaknesses: It's a start up business and so a huge amount must be spent for creating awareness Also the budget for marketing is limited Opportunities: The market is not crowded with herbal products Not many competitors in this business As few herbs can be grown only in India there is large scope for exporting the products to the nearby countries Threats: Erratic weather conditions can lower the field yields There a few competitors for this business: The products from the super markets: The problem with these products is that the packaging is not very good and so the reduces will not have a long shelf life.Products from Private companies: It includes companies like Forest Essentials, Bouti que, Himalaya, Dabber and Lotus. They are big players but the disadvantage is that the products are not 100% pure (they use preservatives and emulsifying agents) and are quite expensive. Products from local shops: The products of the local shops are of poor quality. Our mission is to delight the customers with our high quality and safe herbal products and build a long term customer loyalty.Our initial objective is to create customer awareness about the range of products offered by us To develop a customer base To build long term customer loyalty Thereby achieving greater profitability Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning Since the company is based in Tamil Nadia, it plans to concentrate on the market in and around Tamil Nadia. It segments the market into rural and urban. It focuses only on the urban market under which it targets both the individual customers and other commercial businesses (industries).It plans to position the product as High quality 100% chemical free Safe to use Long shelf life Competitive price Tony herbs offers variety of products in the form of powder, capsules, essential oils and extracts without any added preservatives and emulsifying agents. The products are in their purest form and are of high quality. Tony herbs takes all measures to ensure that packing & sealing processes are never compromised which in turn ensure long shelf life.To offer consistent customer satisfaction with high quality products Tony Herbs follows strict quality control measures, right from procurement, till packing and dispatching of the entire consignment. PRICE It will offer competitive price for individual customers. This is done in order to create awareness and to stay ahead of the competitors. Offering low price will eventually For other industries it will initially offer products for lower prices and when once it has established a position in the market it will offer its products at reasonable price to them.Tony Herbs plans to promote its products through the following methods: Advertisements through television channels Advertisements through newspapers and radio Sample packets with magazines and newspapers Selling the products in local exhibition and fair Gifting the products to celebrities in reality shows Networking through managers and owners of other businesses For the individual customers, along with the products the company provides instruction manual on how to use the products for different purposes.This will, in a way help the individual customers to get rid of their fear of using the products. Also the company offers certain accessories like bowl and applying brush for free. FEED BACK Tony Herbs plans to get feedback from its customers periodically. This will help it to improve its products according to the suggestions given by the customers. By doing so, Tony Herbs can prove that it can do anything for the customer satisfaction even at the expense of short term profits as this investment would pay off with long term custom er loyalty. Market plan The company should start exploring. Ideas about the product are sought through consumer requests, competitive products in the market which may make the product not to be sold in the market due to competition, conducting market research which helps managers to collect and interpret facts that help in putting the product more efficiently into the hands of customers. It also evaluates distribution channels best suited for the product to the market and consumers acceptance of the product in the market. Diversification which effects growth through development of new areas that are clearly distinct from the current business. It may be through   conglomerate diversification which takes place when an organization diversify into areas they are not currently operating or concentric diversification which occurs when organization diversify to areas related to but distinct from current operations e.g. the company may diversify to women or men’s clothing depending which field they were currently operating. The company should also do screening of ideas. This is a preliminary evaluation which is carried out to determine whether the ideas has possibilities and whether shall be further developed or dropped. The bad ideas should be discarded and good ideas taken into consideration. It should also contain situation analysis which includes information on costs, sales the market competitors and various processes in the macro-environment. Market segmentation by subdividing the market of consumers of a product in order to capture more sales effectively and efficiently. It may lead to increase in marketing opportunities because when markets come close to group of customers, they respond to changes in the markets and can develop or modify the products. t also contains a SWOT analysis of the firm. This is a method of assessing organization and environmental factors which contribute to an organization’s competitiveness. It also enables managers to develop a strategic profile of the organization based on the information they have collected It also assumes an   organization will achieve strategic success by maximizing strengths and opportunities while minimizing weaknesses and threats. Strengths are internal conditions that provide the organization with an advantage relative to competitor’s e.g. good financial resources, better manufacturing capability, changes with new technology. Weaknesses are negative internal conditions that can lead to a lowering of organization performance e.g. absence of necessary resources, poor product image, managers with inadequate strategy skills. Opportunities are current or future conditions in the environment that is favorable to an organization’s current or potential outputs e.g. growing number of customers, introduction of new technologies that an organization can easily exploit diversification of the clothing. Threats are current or future conditions in the environment that is unfavorable to an organization’s current and potential outputs e.g. entry into the market of low cost competitor, rising sales of substitute products. Specification: The ideas are expanded to a realistic recommendation where a further research is conducted or carried out on features and competitors probable actions. This is where the idea is examined and it helps to know how the competitors react to that idea in this case the clothing brand juicy couture. Marketing mix which is a combination of different marketing decision variables being used by affirm to market its goods and services e.g. product mix which includes the shape, design etc and promotion mix which includes methods of communicating to customers and sales promotion. Development of idea is the next step. This involves building of prototypes to be shown and inseminated or distributed. The prototypes are models of the real thing or a sample of how the final product will look like. When it has been developed, it is taken to customers for them to see any products they may involve or their goodness. Based on the results from customers the product is then restructured so as to take into consideration the customers desires. The process continues until good quality products are produced as per customer’s specifications. Then, judgment about feasibility of the products are proved or disapproved. Samples are tested in the market and analyzed. From there the exact specification is then chosen which will attract the majority of customers. After all that, then there is commercialization step whereby it involves full-scale production of the product and extensive advertising and selling in the market. Branding is the use of a name, term, symbol, or design or a combination of these to identify a product. It includes the use of brand names, trademarks, and practically all other means of product identification. A brand name is a word, letter, or a group of words or letters. According to Adcock, marketing principles and practices (2001), â€Å"A brand is not a product that just happens to have high awareness, nor is it just a recognizable name or logo, although both these are often present. It is so much more; it is a powerful stimulus that conjures up a complex impasse and level of expectation about itself and what it can do for a consumer†. In branding, the company should analyze the situation and come up with a list of problems facing the brand as well as opportunities for new and improved products. The results of analysis of situation should picture the current position of the business and likely environmental changes. It should also highlight a number of problems and opportunities. It should be done for the product the firm is considering to enter. An important of the way customers perceive an offering is the recognition of that offering as a brand. A brand can either be an asset or a liability depending on the attitude of the customer towards it. Brand names are adopted by customers as a short-hand identification of the product, and taken as an assurance of the general quality and characteristics of the product. The following strategies and techniques might be used by the company to successfully brand itself. They should employ concentration strategy whereby it focuses on effecting the growth of the product. Can be done through market development. This is gaining a larger share in the current market or expanding to new markets. It may also focus on product development which is improving the existing product. Individual brand names: This is a technique used when a company wishes to separate its products and does not think there are any benefits from joint associations. Multiple product brands: Juicy Couture Company may use one standard name, often the company name for all its products it’s producing. This can offer marketing economies where a strong favorable brand name carries across the whole assortment, to the benefit of otherwise weaker products, and assisting the acceptance of new products by consumers and intermediaries alike. Multi-branding: This is where a manufacturer for this case Juicy Couture Company may use umbrella brand together with a different sub-brand name for various product offering. It may design their products in a way which is unique from other products in the market. This makes customers to be aware of unique products in the market and they will start asking for that product in order to purchase it. Therefore branding of products contributes to the acceptance of the product in the market. If products have bad brands, they will end up not being recognized by customers in the market and if brand names are good which attracts the attention of customers it will end up being purchased in large quantities in the market hence good sales. REFERENCE: 1. Product planning management by William L. Moore and Edgar A. Pessemier (1993) 2. Brand positioning: Strategies for competitive advantage by Sengupta, Subroto (1990) 3. Brand strategy by Murphy, John M. (1990) 4. Marketing management: B2B by Michael D. Hutt and Thomas W. Speh (2007) 5. Marketing principles and practices by Denis Adcock, Al Halborg and Caroline Ross (2001)         

Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Example

Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Example Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Facility Planning Part 1 Facility Planning Part One Dwan Chatman HCS/446 July 26, 2011 Ruth Ann Vaughn Facility Planning Part One The United States is facing a crisis with the rise in health care cost and the aging population suffering from chronic and terminal illnesses. As a result, hospital administrators are left to seek out methods to address these patients’ needs. The hospitals are trying networking, patterning with new physicians, and building additional outpatient treatment facilities to address the needs of the community, and the demographic area. In this paper the subject is to explain the community and facility need for Penn Medicine Rittenhouse to develop a new outpatient therapy clinic. Additionally, this paper will describe the population the clinic will service and will conclude with a description of the facility. Facility Need Physicians and hospital administrators at the facility have begun to notice a rise in knee, spinal cord, and neurological conditions in the hospital (UPENN, 2011). They knew that many of their patients were either elderly or athletes who both disagree with long stays in a hospital. For the elderly patients, limited incomes were their primary reasons and the athletes simply do not have time to be confined to a hospital for rehabilitation. Many of them felt that having an outpatient rehabilitation and treatment center would benefit them in the long run. Penn Medicine conducted a study and found this information to be true. They in turn partnered with Good Shepherd Penn Partners and began developing a plan to combat these issues (UPENN, 2011). The partners wanted this facility to be close in destination and provide all of the services a fully functional in patient facility would have. When developing the plan for their facility they had to do a study on the population and demographics of the area surrounding the designated site in order to ensure the facility would meet the needs of the community. Type of Population The area surrounding the new facility is a historic area in the city of Philadelphia. William Penn designed Rittenhouse Square Park in the 17th century which is what made the area historic (Philadelphia Facts, 2011). Over the years the demographics changed as residents began to populate the area; it became known as a Victorian aristocratic neighborhood with townhouses. Around the 20th century, high rises were built to take the place of the town houses, high end shopping districts, and the best upscale restaurants were built to signify the expansion of the culture of its residents (Philadelphia Facts, 2011). This area has attracted a diverse group of residents from park goers; families with atlethtic children; punk rockers, and elderly people looking to finish their golden years in quality, this area is perfect for a new rehabilitation center. Located near Center City, this area can be accessed a number of ways from public transportation and is also accessible from interstates 76 and 676 (Philadelphia Facts, 2011). Additionally, there is also a bike lane which is another great reason for the location. Residents in this area prefer to bike ride because of traffic congestion and Limited Street parking adding another reason to this being a good location for the new facility. Placing the facility here was a strategic move on the part of Penn Medicines administration because patients’ can access the facility on lunch break or pretty much from anywhere within the city. Description of Facility Penn Medicine Rittenhouse was designed to assist the University of Pennsylvania Hospital in combating the growing sports and spinal cord injuries that require long and extensive treatments to correct. The facility is 12,000 square feet which is dedicated to the new Outpatient Therapy Clinic. The facility has specialty features for neurological conditions; sports/orthopedic injuries, and sports medicine injuries (UPENN, 2011). They offer three new services that were the driving force in the decision to open the facility. The new services housed in the facility are Comprehensive Brain Injury Program, Spinal Cord Injury Program, and a top notch Gait Lab. These services include pressure sensitive floors, computer analysis, and multiple video cameras to analyze patients’ movements and natural walking cycles (UPENN, 2011). The first floor of the facility houses Good Shepherd Penn Partners therapy and Fitness site, the facilities Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation administration offices, and space for patient care. The primary goal of this facility is to provide a continuum of care in one place. Patients receive inpatient and outpatient post acute care in one facility. This will make it easier for patients already mentally struggling with accepting their injury at least have a hassle free way to obtain care. In conclusion, Good Shepherd Penn Partners and Penn Medicine saw a need for a new facility in their community and acted accordingly. By determining the need for the facility; finding a suitable location to fit the targeted population, they were able to build a state-of-the-art modernized facility to combat all rehabilitation issues in one stop. The success of the facility will depend greatly on how well administrators developed, budgeted and executed their plan. References Philadelphia Facts. 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011. From www. about. com/Philadelphia UPENN. Penn Medicine Rittenhouse. 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011. From www. usphs. upenn. edu

How to Increase the Word Count in an Academic Paper

How to Increase the Word Count in an Academic Paper How to Increase the Word Count in an Academic Paper We’re sometimes asked to help increase the word count in college papers. But that is well outside a proofreading remit! Everything in your writing should be your own work (and you should clearly quote and cite anything you have borrowed from elsewhere). Otherwise it would count as plagiarism. However, we can offer some advice on boosting your word count. First, though, we’ll take a quick look at one thing you should never do when your document is feeling a little skinny. How NOT to Increase the Word Count The first thing most people do when stretching to meet the word count is add padding words. This means inserting unnecessary modifiers and clauses to artificially boost the word count. However, this will make your work harder to read. For example, you might begin with a sentence like this: The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. But after the Padding Word Fairy has visited, it could end up looking more like this: The historic Declaration of Independence, which is a very significant document in American history, was eventually signed in the seminal year of 1776. However, none of additions here provide extra information or insight on the topic: e.g., saying that the Declaration of Independence is â€Å"very significant† is not helpful unless we also explain how it is significant. And since clarity and concision are key in academic writing, this version is worse than the original! But what can you do instead? We have a few suggestions below. Hitting the Word Count the Right Way Even if your main objective is increasing the word count, anything you add to a paper should enhance your argument. There are three main ways to do this: Explain your arguments in more depth Add examples or quotations to illustrate your point Compare and contrast two ideas In all of these cases, the idea is to use whatever you add to demonstrate your understanding of the subject matter. For instance, we could expand the example above to say: The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. According to Belz (2004), this action â€Å"asserted the natural right of revolution as a principle of American nationality† (p.68). Here, the quote gives a specific consequence of the signing. Quoting someone also shows that you’ve done extra research, especially if it isn’t from one of the texts on your reading list! This extra sentence only adds 19 words (including the citation). But if you can do this throughout your document, it will increase the word count while also making your work much stronger.

Law in Equity and Trust regarding Charities Essay

Law in Equity and Trust regarding Charities - Essay Example It has a specific legal meaning; the Charities Act 1993 describes a charity as: "Any institution, corporate or not, which is established for charitable purposes and is subject to the control of the High Court in the exercise of the Court's jurisdiction with respect to charities.": s96(1) This tautologous explanation gets us no further, other than to observe that it is the Courts who determine what 'charitable purposes' means according to current legislation and that an organisation cannot be registered as a charity by the Charities Commission if it has been set up under the laws of a foreign country which for these purposes include Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, or the Channel Islands. Overall this description in itself is unsatisfactory since it promotes uncertainty, and where there is uncertainty in the law there will be litigation. Whilst on the face of it the definition of what a charity is should be found in the Charities Act, the Courts actually refer to the Charitable Uses Act 16011 to determine the definition of a charity, despite the fact that this legislation has been repealed. The Courts follow the 'spirit and intention' of the 1601 Act and the definition of 'charity' has been developed through statutory interpretation and case law precedent arising predominantly from disputes over wills, taxation status and/or challenges against decisions made by the Attorney General on behalf of the Charities Commission. Examining the case law suggests that organizations will be recognized as charitable if they have the following characteristics: The trust must have a charitable character The trust must be exclusively charitable The trust must (on balance) be beneficial The trust must benefit the public The trust must not distribute a profit Charitable Character Lord MacNaughten in Income Tax Special Purposes Commisoners v Pemsel [1891] identified four divisions of charitable purposes namely; 1) The relief of poverty; 2) The advancement of education; 3) The advancement of religion; and 4) Other purposes beneficial to the community. Exclusively Charitable All the purposes to which a trust may use its assets must be charitable. The classic case was Maurice v Bishop of Durham [1805]. That particular trust failed since it was expressed to be for charitable or benevolent' purposes, and not everything that is benevolent' is recognized as charitable in English law. Beneficial There is a presumption that charities which fall under the poverty, education or religious objects are beneficial. In the past the Courts generally sought to find an analogy between the purpose of the proposed charity and the 1601 Act: Williams Trustees v IRC [1947]. More recently the cases have also sought analogies with decided cases. For example in Scottish Burial Reform & Cremation Society v Glasgow Corporation [1968] it was held that the promotion of low cost cadaver disposal (cremation) as it was of benefit to the community, within the 'spirit and intendment'' of the Charitable Uses Act 1601 and analogous to other charities that had themselves been deemed to be analogous to charities in that list. Public Benefit Charities are distinguished from Private Purpose Trusts - which benefit named individuals - and Discretionary Trusts, which